References arranged by topic

development | decision making | ethics | leadership | reflective judgment | self understanding | testing

Creativity

Amabile, T., M. (1998). How to kill creativity. Harvard Business Review, September-October, 77-87.

Bessant, J. (1992). Big bang or continuous evolution: Why incremental innovation is gaining attention in successful organisations. Creativity and Innovation Management, 1(2), 59-62.

Chernin, P. (2002).Creative leadership. Executive Excellence, 3-4.

Dennis, A. R., & Valacich, J. S. (1993 ). Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 531-537.

Diehl, M., & Stroebe, W. (1991). Productivity loss in idea-generating groups: Tracking down the blocking effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61, 392-403.

Ekvall, G. (1991). Change-centred leaders: Empirical evidence of a third dimension of leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 12(6), 18-23.

Furnham, A., & Yazdanpanahi, T. (1996). Personality differences and group versus individual brainstorming. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 73-80.

Gronhaug, K., & Haukedal, W. (1995). Experts and novices in innovative, unstructured tasks: The case of strategy formation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 4(1), 4-13.

Jung, D. I. (2002-2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 185-195.

Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1987). Leading workers to lead themselves: The external leadership of self-managing work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 106-128.

Parnes, S. J. (Ed.). (1992). Sourcebook for creative problem-solving. Buffalo, NY: Creative Education Foundation Press.

Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2007). Educational fads: Foundation for Critical Thinking Press.

Riquelme, H. (2000). How to develop more creative strategic plans. Creativity and Innovation Management, 9, 14-20.

Ross, J. A. (2007). Creative leadership: Be your team's chief innovation officer. Harvard Management Update, March.

Rubenson, D. L., & Runco, M. A. (1995). The psychoeconomic view of creative work in groups and organizations. Creativity and Innovation Management, 4(3), 232-241.

Rura-Polley, & Clegg, S. R. (1999). Managing collaborative quality: A challenging innovation. Creativity and Innovation Management, 8, 37-47.

Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2007). When Is educational specialization heterogeneity related to creativity in research and development teams? Transformational leadership as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(6), 1709-1721.

Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M., & Graen, G. B. (1999). An examination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationships. Personnel Psychology, 52, 591-620.

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development | decision making | ethics | leadership | reflective judgment | self understanding | testing

Cognitive development

Armon, C. (1984). Ideals of the good life: Evaluative reasoning in children and adults. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Harvard, Boston.

Armon, C., & Dawson, T. L. (1997). Developmental trajectories in moral reasoning across the lifespan. Journal of Moral Education, 26, 433-453.

Case, R. (1985). Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. New York: Academic Press.

Case, R., & Okamoto, Y. (1996). The role of central conceptual structures in the development of children's thought (Vol. 61 (1-2). New York: Blackwell.

Cavallo, A. M. L. (1996). Meaningful learning, reasoning ability, and students' understanding and problem solving of topics in genetics. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 33, 625-656.

Chandler, M. J., Boyes, M., & Ball, L. (1990). Relativism and stations of epistemic doubt. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, 370-395.

Colby, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1987a). The measurement of moral judgment, Vol. 1: Theoretical foundations and research validation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Colby, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1987b). The measurement of moral judgment, Vol. 2: Standard issue scoring manual. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Commons, M. L., Trudeau, E. J., Stein, S. A., Richards, S. A., & Krause, S. R. (1998). Hierarchical complexity of tasks shows the existence of developmental stages. Developmental Review, 18, 237-278.

Commons, M. L., Straughn, J., Meaney, M., Johnstone, J., Weaver, J. H., Lichtenbaum, E., et al. (1995, November). The general stage scoring system: How to score anything. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Association for Moral Education.

Damon, W. (1977). Measurement and social development. Counseling Psychologist, 6, 13-15.

Demetriou, A., Platsidou, M., Efklides, A., Metallidou, Y., & et al. (1991). The development of quantitative-relational abilities from childhood to adolescence: Structure, scaling, and individual differences. Learning & Instruction, 1, 19-43.

Fischer, K. (1980). A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 87, 477-531.

Fischer, K., & Rose, S. P. (1999). Rulers, clocks, and non-linear dynamics: Measurement and method in developmental research. In G. Savelsbergh & H. van der Maas & P. van Geert (Eds.), Nonlinear developmental processes (pp. 197-212). Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Fischer, K. W., & Bidell, T. R. (1998). Dynamic development of psychological structures in action and thought. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Theoretical models of human development (5 ed., pp. 467-561). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Fischer, K. W., Hand, H. H., Watson, M. W., van Parys, M., & Tucker, J. (1984). Putting the child into socialization: The development of social categories in preschool children. In L. Katz (Ed.), Current topics in early childhood education (Vol. 5, pp. 27-72). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Furnham, A., & Briggs, J. (1993). Ethical ideology and moral choice: A study concerning the allocation of medical resources.Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 8(1), 87-98.

Germann. (1994). Testing a model of science process skills acquisition: An interaction with parents' education, preferred language, gender, science attitude, cognitive development, academic ability, and biology knowledge. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31, 749-783.

Halford, G. (1999). The development of intelligence includes the capacity to processing relations of greater complexity, The development of intelligence. (pp. 193-213). Hove, England: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis (UK).

Harvey, M. E. (2001). The impact of organizational ethical climate and ethical ideology on the propensity to create budgetary slack and job satisfaction. Nova Southeastern University, Ann Arbor, MI.

Hooijiberg, R., & Schneider (2001). Behavioral complexity and social intelligence: how executive leaders use stakeholders to form systems perspective. In Zaccaro & Klimoski (Eds.), The nature of organizational leadership: Understanding the performance imperatives confronting today's leaders. (pp. 104-131). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Jaques, E. (1996). Requisite organization. Arlignton, VA.: Cason Hall & Co.

Keller, M., Eckensberger, L. H., & von Rosen, K. (1989). A critical note on the conception of preconventional morality: The case of stage 2 in Kohlberg's theory. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 57-69.

Keller, M., Edelstein, W., Schmid, C., Fang, F., & Faug, G. (1998). Reasoning about responsibilities and obligations in close relationships: A comparison across two cultures. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 731-741.

Killen, M. (1991). Social and moral development in early childhood. In J. L. G. William M. Kurtines (Ed.), Handbook of moral behavior and development, Vol. 1: Theory; Vol. 2: Research; Vol. 3: Application. (pp. 115-138): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Hillsdale, NJ, US.

Kitchener, K. S. (1983). Cognition, metacognition, and epistemic cognition: A three level model of cognitive processing. Human Development, 26, 222-232.

Kitchener, K. S., & King, P. M. (1990). The reflective judgment model: ten years of research. In M. L. Commons & C. Armon & L. Kohlberg & F. A. Richards & T. A. Grotzer & J. D. Sinnott (Eds.), Adult development (Vol. 2, pp. 62-78). New York NY: Praeger.

Kleiser, S. B., Sivadas, E., Kellaris, J. J., & Dahlstrom, R. F. (2003). Ethical ideologies: Efficient assessment and influence on ethical judgements of marketing practices. Psychology & Marketing, 20(1), 1-21.

Kuhn, D. (1976). Short-term longitudinal evidence for the sequentiality of Kohlberg's early stages of moral judgment. Developmental Psychology, 12, 162-166.

Kuhn, D., Cheney, R., & Weinstock, M. (2000). The development of epistemological understanding. Cognitive Development, 15, 309-328.

Lawson, A. E., Alkhoury, S., Benford, R., Clark, B. R., & Falconer, K. A. (2000). What kinds of scientific concepts exist? Concept construction and intellectual development in college biology. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37, 996-1018.

Lawson, A. E., & Renner, J. W. (1975). Relationships of concrete and formal operational science subject matter and the developmental level of the learner. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 12, 347-358.

Lawson, A. E., & Thompson, L. D. (1988). Formal reasoning ability and misconceptions concerning genetics and natural selection. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25, 733-746.

Lawson, A. E., & Weser, J. (1990). The rejection of nonscientific beliefs about life: Effects of instruction and reasoning skills.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 27, 589-606.

Marshall, P. E. (2009). Positive psychology and constructivist developmental psychology: A theoretical enquiry into how a developmental stage conception might provide further insights into specific areas of positive psychology. Unpublished Msc dissertation. University of East London, School of Psychology. (Paul writes a mean lit review!)

Mines, R. A., King, P. M., Hood, A. B., & Wood, P. K. (1990). Stages of intellectual development and associated critical thinking skills in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 538-547.

Perry, W. G. (1970). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books.

Piaget, J. (2000). Studies in reflecting abstraction (R. L. Campbell, Trans.). Hove: Psychology Press.

Park, H. (2002). Socially responsible buying in the apparel industry. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Renner, J. W., & Marek, E. A. (1990). An educational theory base for science teaching. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 27, 241-246.

Schoenfeld, A. (Ed.). (2007). Assessing mathematical proficiency (Vol. 53). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Schommer, M. (1990). Effects of beliefs about the nature of knowledge on comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 498-504.

Schommer, M. (1994). An emerging conceptualization of epistemological beliefs and their role in learning. In R. Garner & P. A. Alexander (Eds.), Beliefs about text and instruction with text (pp. 25-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Schommer, M., Calvert, C., Gariglietti, G., & Bajaj, A. (1997). The development of epistemological beliefs among secondary students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 37-40.

Schommer-Aikins, M., & Hutter, R. (2002). Epistemological beliefs and thinking about everyday controversial issues. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary & Applied, 136, 1.

Schwartz, M. S., Sadler, P. M., Sonnert, G., & Tai, R. H. (2008). Depth versus breadth: How content coverage in high school science courses relates to later success in college science coursework. Science Education. (excellent recent article on the relative benefits of teaching for depth and breadth)

Shayer, M., & Adey, P. S. (1993). Accelerating the development of formal thinking in middle and high school students: IV. Three years after a two-year intervention. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30, 351-366.

Silva, T., & Nicholls, J. G. (1993). College students as writing theorists: Goals and beliefs about the causes of success. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 18, 281-293.

Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford.

Sivadas, E., Kleiser, S. B., Kellaris, J., & Dahlstrom, R. (2002). Moral philosophy, ethical evaluations, and sales manager hiring intentions. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(1), 7-21.

Spiro, R. J., Coulson, R. L., Feltovich, P. J., & Anderson, D. (1988). Cognitive flexibility theory: Advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains. In V. Patel (Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Vitell, S. J., Rallapalli, K. C., & Singhapakdi, A. (1993). Marketing norms: The influence of personal moral philosophies and organizational ethical culture. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21(4), 331-337.

Wilson, M., & Sloane, K. (2000). From principles to practice: An embedded assessment system. Applied Measurement in Education, 13, 181-208

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development | decision making | ethics | leadership | reflective judgment | self understanding | testing

Decision making

Arlin, P. K. (1989). Problem solving and problem finding in young artists and young scientists. In M. L. Commons, J. D. Sinnott, F. A. Richards & C. Armon (Eds.), Adult development, Vol. 1: Comparisons and applications of developmental models. (pp. 197-216).

Bandura, A., & Jourden, F. (1991). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing the impact of social comparison on complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 941-951.

Basadur, M., & Hausdorf, P. A. (1996). Measuring divergent thinking attitudes related to creative problem solving and innovation management. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 21-32.

Bass, K., & Barnett, T. B. (1998). The moral philosophy of sales managers and its influence on ethical decision making. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 18(2), 1-17.

Bazerman, M. H. (1986 ). Judgement in managerial decision making. New York: Wiley.

Bransford, J. D., Sherwood, R., Vye, N. J., & Rieser, J. (1986). Teaching thinking and problem solving. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1078-1089.

Ewell- Kumar, A. (1999). The influence of metacognition on managerial hiring decision making: Implications for management development. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 59(10-A).

Ford, R. C., & Richardson, W. D. (1994). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 205-221.

Gul, F. A. (1984). The joint and moderating role of personality and cognitive style on decision making. The Accounting Review,LIX(2).

Hammond, K. R., McClelland, G. H., & Mumpower, J. (1980). Human judgement and decision making. New York: Praeger.

Huber, G. P. (1980). Managerial decision making. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.

Keeney, R. L. (1992). Value-focused thinking: A path to creative decision making. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Klaczynski, P. A. (1997). The roles of personal investment and reasoning competence in career-relevant everyday problem solving. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 66(2), 193-210.

Kontos, S., & Grant-Nicholas, J. (2001). Independent problem solving in the development of metacognition. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 147(4), 481-495.

Lee, D. (1991). Relativistic operations: A framework for conceptualizing teachers' everyday problem solving. In J. Sinnot & J. C. Cavanaugh (Eds.), Bridging paradigms: Positive development in adulthood and cognitive aging. (pp. 73-86). New York: Praeger Publishers.

Leonard, N. H., Scholl, R. W., & Berube-Kowalski, K. (1999). Information processing style and decision making. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(3), 407-420.

Linstone, H. A. (1999). Decision making for technology executives: Using multiple perspectives to improve performances. Norwood, MA: Artech House.

Loe, T. W., Ferrell, L., & Mansfield, P. (2000). A review of empirical studies assessing ethical decision making in business.Joumal of Business Ethics 25(185-204).

March, J. G. (1994). A primer on decision making. The Free Press: New York.

Meacham, J. A., & Emont, N. C. (1989). The interpersonal basis of everyday problem solving. In J. D. Sinnott (Ed.), Everyday problem solving: Theory and applications. (pp. 7-23). New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.

Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Nutt, P. C. (1976). Models for decision making in organizations and some contextual variables which stipulate optimal use. The Academy of Management Review, 1(2), 84-98.

Ravlin, E. C., & Meglino, B. M. (1987). Effect of values on perception and decision making: A study of alternative work values measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 666-673.

Sigler, E. A., & Tallent-Runnels, M. K. (2006). Examining the validity of scores from an instrument designed to measure metacognition of problem solving. The Journal of General Psychology, 133, 257-276.

Sinnott, J. D. (1991). Limits to problem solving: Emotion, intention, goal clarity, health, and other factors in postformal thought. In J. D. Sinnot & J. D. Cavanaugh (Eds.), Bridging paradigms: Positive development in adulthood and cognitive aging. (pp. 169-201). New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.

Sinnott, J. D. (Ed.). (1989). Everyday problem solving: Theory and applications. Praeger Publishers; New York, NY, US.

Sinnott, J. D., & Guttmann, D. (1978). Dialectics of decision making in older adults. Human Development, 21, 190-200.

Sternberg, R. J. & Frensch, P. A. (Eds.). (1991). Complex problem solving: Principles and mechanisms. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; Hillsdale, NJ, US.

Vroom, V., & Yetton, P. W. (1973). Leadership and decision making. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Weber, J. (1996). Influences upon managerial moral decision making: Nature of the harm and magnitude of consequences. Human Relations, 49(1), 1-22.

Wynn, C. T. (1989). Decision making and postformal thought: Goals for secondary social studies education. Journal of Social Studies Research, 13, 1-9.

Zych, J. M. (1999). Integrating ethical issues with managerial decision making in the classroom: Product support programme decisions. Journal of Business Ethics, 18, 255-266.

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development | decision making | ethics | leadership | reflective judgment | self understanding | testing

Ethical reasoning and behavior

Bartek, S. E., Krebs, D. L., et al. (1993). Coping, defending, and the relations between moral judgment and moral behavior in prostitutes and other female juvenile delinquents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102(1): 66-73.

Blasi, A. (1983). Moral cognition and moral action: A theoretical perspective. Developmental Review 3: 178-210.

Coady, H. (1986). Behavioral correlates of moral judgment. Journal of Psychology 120: 191-198.

Dawson, T. L. (2008). Values-centered leadership: A review. Northampton, MA: Developmental Testing Service, Inc.

Hoffman, M. L. (1991). Empathy, social cognition, and moral action. Handbook of moral behavior and development, Vol. 1: Theory. W. Kurtines and L. G. Jacob. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum: 275-301.

Jennings, W. S. and L. Kohlberg (1983). Effects of a just community programme on the moral development of youthful offenders. Journal of Moral Education 12: 33-50.

Keller, M. and W. Edelstein (1993). The development of the moral self from childhood to adolescence. The moral self. Studies in contemporary German social thought. G. G., Noam, T. E. Wren, G. Nunner-Winkler and W. Edelstein. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press: 310-336.

Kohlberg, L. (1984). The relationship of moral judgment to moral action. Morality, moral behavior, and moral development. W. Kurtines and J. Gewirtz. New York, John Wiley & Sons: 52-73. 

Levin, I. and R. Beckerman-Greenberg (1980). Moral judgment and moral behavior in sharing: A developmental analysis. Genetic Psychology Monographs 101: 215-230.

Narvaez, D. (1991). The college experience and moral development. Handbook of moral behavior and development, Vol. 2: Research. W. M. Kurtines and J. L. Gewirtz. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum: 229-245.

Oser, F. (1991). Moral judgment and action: An unresolved problem in the helping professions. Cadernos de Consulta Psicologica: 83-92.

Pratt, M. W., Golding, G., et al. (1988). Sex differences in adult moral orientations. Journal of Personality 56: 373-391.

Rothman, G. R. (1980). The relationship between moral judgment and moral behavior. Moral development and socialization. M. Windmiller, N. Lambert and E. Turiel. Boston, Allyn & Bacon: 107-127.

Selman, R. L., Schultz, L. H., et al. (1991). Interpersonal understanding and action: A development and psychopathology perspective on research and prevention. Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 3: Models and integrations. Dante Cicchetti. Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA: 289-329.

Thoma, S. J. (1993). The relationship between political preference and moral judgment development in late adolescence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 39: 359-74.

Thoma, S. J., Rest, J. R., et al. (1991). Describing and testing a moderator of the moral judgment and action relationship. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 61: 659-669.

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development | decision making | ethics | leadership | reflective judgment | self understanding | testing

Leadership reasoning and behavior

Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9-32.

Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press.

Boal, K. B., & Hooijberg, R. (2001). Strategic leadership research: Moving on. Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 515-550.

Campbell, D. J., Dardis, G., & Campbell, K. M. (2003). Enhancing incremental influence: A focused approach to leadership development. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10(1).

Clark, D. F. (2019). Women, relational leadership and power: A qualitative study of how senior women leaders experience, conceptualize, and practice leadership and power (Doctoral Dissertation). 

Connelly, M. S., Gilbert, J. A., Zaccaro, S. J., Threlfall, K. V., Marks, M. A., & Mumford, M. D. (2000). Exploring the relationship of leadership skills and knowledge to leader performance. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 65-68.

den Hartog, D. N., van Muijen, J. J., & Koopman, P. L. (1997). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 19-34.

Denison, D. R., Hooijberg, R., & Quinn, R. E. (1995). Paradox and performance: Toward a theory of behavioral complexity in managerial leadership. Organization Science, 6(5), 524-540.

Drath, W. H. (1990). Managerial strengths and weaknesses as functions of the development of personal meaning. Special Issue: Character and leadership. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 26, 483-499.

Eigel, K. M., & Kuhnert, K. W. (2005). Authentic development: Leadership development level and executive effectiveness. Monographs in Leadership and Management, 3, 357-385.

Ekvall, G. (1991). Change-centred leaders: Empirical evidence of a third dimension of leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 12(6), 18-23.

Gentry, W. A., & Leslie, J. B. (2007). Competencies for leadership development: What's hot and what's not when assessing leadership implications for organization development. Organization Development Journal, 25(1), 37-46.

Graham, J. W. (1995). Leadership, moral development, and citizenship behavior. Business Ethics Quarterly, 5(1), 43-54.

Harris, L. S., & Kuhnert, K. W. (2008). Looking through the lens of leadership: A constructive deveopmental approach. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 29(1), 47-67.

Hater, J. J., & Bass, B. M. (1988). Superiors' evaluations and subordinates perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(4), 695-702.

Hess, P. W. (2007). Enhancing leadership skill development by creating practice/feedback opportunities in the classroom.Journal of Management Education, 31(2), 195-214.

Jung, D. I. (2002-2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 185-195.

Kuhnert, K. W. (in press). Personality and leadership developmental levels as predictors of leader performance. Leadership Quarterly.

Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: a constructive developmental analysis.Academy of Management Review, 12(648-657).

Kuhnert, K. W., & Russell, C. J. (1990). Using constructive developmental theory and biodata to bridge the gap between personnel selection and leadership. Journal of Management, 16, 595-607.

Lang, D. L. (1991). Transformational leadership Is not charismatic leadership: Philosophical impoverishment in leadership continues. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 2(4), 397-402.

Leithwood, K., & Steinbach, R. (1993). Total quality leadership: Expert thinking plus transformational practice. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 7, 311-337.

Lichtenstein, B. M., Smith, B. A., & Torbert, W. R. (1995). Leadership and ethical development: Balancing light and shadow. Business Ethics Quarterly, 5(1), 97-116.

Lievens, F., Van Geit, P., & Coetsier, P. (1997). Identification of transformational leadership qualities: An examination of potential biases. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 6(4), 415-430.

Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Critical requisites for transformational leadership: Needed research and discourse. Peabody Journal of Education, 66, 176-181.

Lord, R. G., & Emrich, C. G. (2000). Thinking outside the box by looking inside the box: extending the cognitive revolution in leadership research. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 552-579.

Mumford, M. D., Marks, M. A., Connelly, M. S., Zaccaro, S. J., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2000). Development of leadership skills: experience and timing. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 87-114.

Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O., & Fleishman, E. A. (2000). Leadership skills for a changing world: solving complex social problems. Leadership Quarterly(11), 11-35.

Pless, N. (2007). Understanding responsible leadership: Role identity and motivational drivers. Journal of Business Ethics, 74(4), 437-456.

Russell, C. J., & Kuhnert, K. W. (1992). Integrating skill acquisition and perspective taking capacity in the development of leaders. Leadership Quarterly, 3, 335-353.

Russell, C. J., & Kuhnert, K. W. (1992). New frontiers in management selection systems: Where measurement technologies and theory collide. Special Issue: Individual differences and leadership: III. Leadership Quarterly, 3, 109-135.

Sama, L., & Shoaf, V. (2008). Ethical leadership for the professions: Fostering a moral community. Journal of Business Ethics, 78(1/2), 39-46.

Singer, M. (1990 ). Cognitive correlates of adolescents' aspirations to leadership: A developmental study. Journal of Adolescence, 13, 143-155.

Sosik, J. J., & Megerian, L. E. (1999). Understanding leader emotional intelligence and performance: The role of self-other agreement on transformational leadership perceptions. Group and Organization Management, 24, 367-390.

Sparks, J. R., & Schnek, J. A. (2001). Explaining the effects of transformational leadership: An investigation of the effects of higher-order motives in multilevel marketing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 849-869.

Sternberg, R. J. (2006). Creative leadership: It's a decision. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, November/December, 22-24.

Sternberg, R. J. (2007). A systems model of leadership. American Psychologist, 34-42.

Sternberg, R. J., & Vroom, V. (2002). The person versus the situation in leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13(301-323).

Taylor, P. (1994). Leadership in education: A review of the literature. Emergency Librarian, 21(3), 9.

Thornton, A. (2023). Facing the Complexity Gap: Developing Leaders’ Reasoning Skills to Meet the Complex Task Demands of their Roles. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, The University of Western Australia.

Turner, N., Barling, J., Epitropaki, O., Biutcher, V., & Milner, C. (2002). Transformational leadership and moral reasoning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 304-311.

Wofford, J. C., & Goodwin, V. L. (1994). A cognitive interpretation of transactional and transformational leadership theories.Leadership Quarterly, 5, 161-186.

Wofford, J. C., & Goodwin, V. L. (1998). A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transactional and transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 9(55-84).

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development | decision making | ethics | leadership | reflective judgment | self understanding | testing

Reflective judgment and behavior

Dawson, T. L. (2008). Metacognition and learning in adulthood: A literature review. Northampton, MA: Developmental Testing Service, Inc.

Boyes, M.C. and M. Chandler, Cognitive development, epistemic doubt, and identity formation in adolescence. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 1992. 21: p. 3.

Cicala, J.J., The relationship between student involvement and reflective judgement for students attending a community college. 1997.

Dunkle, M.E., et al., The relationship between epistemological beliefs and causal reasoning, in Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. 1994: New Orleans, LA.

Guthrie, V.L., The relationship of levels of intellectual development and levels of tolerance for diversity among college students, in Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences. 1997. p. 4666.

Hofer, B., Epistemological beliefs and first-year college students: Motivation and cognition in different instructional contexts, in Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association. 1994: Los Angeles.

Kajanne, A., Structure and content: The relationship between reflective judgment and laypeople's viewpoints. Journal of Adult Development, 2003. 10(3): p. 173-188.

Kardash, C.M. and R.J. Scholes, Effects of preexisiting beliefs, epistemological beliefs, and need for cognition on interpretation of controversial issues. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1996. 88(2): p. 260-271.

King, P.M. and B.C. Shuford, A multicultural view is a more cognitively complex view: Cognitive development and multicultural education. American Behavioral Scientist, 1996. 40: p. 153-164. 

Kirk, S.L., The assessment of learning styles and cognitive development of adult students in a higher education setting: Implications for teaching, administration, and advisement, in Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 3863. 1986, Oklahoma State University: Stillwater.

King, P. M., & Kitchener, K. S. (1994). Developing reflective judgment: Understanding and promoting intellectual growth and critical thinking in adolescents and adults. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Kozak, A.I., Epistemological development and adaptation: Reflective judgment and stressful affect and their relationship to affect-tolerance and attributions of pragmatic structure, in Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. 1996. p. 0699.

Lodewyk, K.R., Relations among epistemological beliefs, academic achievement, and task performance in secondary school students. Educational Psychology, 2007. 27(3): p. 307-327.

Mason, L. and P. Boscolo, Role of epistemological understanding and interest in interpreting a controversy and in topic-specific belief change. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2004. 29: p. 103-128.

Mines, R.A., et al., Stages of intellectual development and associated critical thinking skills in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 1990. 31: p. 538-547.

Qian, G. and D. Alvermann, Role of epistemological beliefs and learned helplessness in secondary school students— learning science concepts from text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1995. 87: p. 282-292.

Ryan, M.P., Conceptions of prose coherence: Individual differences in epistemological standards. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1984. 76(6): p. 1226-1238.

Schoenfeld, A.H., Mathematical problem solving. 1985, New York: Academic Press.

Schommer, M., A. Crouse, and N. Rhodes, Epistemological beliefs and mathematical text comprehension: Believing it is simple does not make it so. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1992. 84: p. 435-443.

Schommer, M., Effects of beliefs about the nature of knowledge on comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1990. 82: p. 498-504.

Schommer, M., Epistemological development and academic performance among secondary students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1993. 85: p. 406-411.

Schommer, M., et al., The development of epistemological beliefs among secondary students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1997. 89: p. 37-40.

Schraw, G., M.E. Dunkle, and L.D. Benedixen, Cognitive processes in well-defined and ill-defined problem-solving. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1995. 9: p. 523-538.

Schutz, P.A., P.R. Pintrich, and A.J. Young, Epistemological beliefs, motivation, and student learning, in Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. 1993: Atlanta, GA.

Whitmire, E., The relationship between undergraduates epistemological beliefs, reflective judgment, and their information-seeking behavior. Information Processing and Management, 2004. 40: p. 97-111.

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development | decision making | ethics | leadership | reflective judgment | self understanding | testing

Self understanding

Baldwin, J. M. (1897). The genesis of the ethical self. Philosophical Review, 6, 225-241.

Bandura, A., & Jourden, F. (1991). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing the impact of social comparison on complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 941-951.

Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 87-99.

Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1999). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5-33.

Bernstein, R. M. (1980). The development of the self-system during adolescence. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 136, 231-245.

Blasi, A., & Oresick, R. G. (1986). Emotion and cognition in self-consistency. In D. J. Bearison & H. Zimiles (Eds.), Thought and emotion. Hillsdale, N. J.: Earlbaum.

Blasi, A., & Milton, K. (1991). The development of the sense of self in adolescence. Journal of Personality, 59, 217-242.

Brewer, M. (1991). The social self: on being the same and defferent at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology, 17,475-482.

Brinthaupt, T. M., & Erwin, L. J. (1992). Reporting about the self: Issues and implications. In T. M. Brinthaupt & R. P. Lipka (Eds.), The self: Definitional and methodological issues (pp. 137-171). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Broughton, J. M. (1978). Development of concepts of self, mind, reality, and knowledge (Vol. 1).

Cohler, B. J., & Galatzer-Levy, R. M. (1990). Self, meaning, and morale across the second half of life. In R. A. Nemiroff & C. A. Colarusso (Eds.), New dimensions in adult development. (pp. 214-263). New York, NY: BasicBooks, Inc.

Damon, W., & Hart, D. (1982). The development of self-understanding from infancy through adolescence. Child Development, 53, 841-864.

Demetriou, A. (2003). Mind, self, and personality: Dynamic interactions from late childhood to early adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 10(3), 151-172.

Demetriou, A., Kazi, S., & Georgiou, G. (1999). The emerging self: The convergence of mind, personality, and thinking styles. Developmental Science, 2, 387-409.

Dusek, J. B., & Flaherty, J. F. (1981). The development of the self-concept during the adolescent years. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46.

Edelstein, W., & Noam, G. G. (1982). Regulatory structures of the self and "postformal" stages in adulthood. Human Development, 25, 407-422.

Epstein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited: Or a theory of a theory. American Psychologist, 28, 404-416.

Epstein, S. (1989). Values from the perspective of congnitive-experiential self-theory. In N. Eisenberg, J. Reykowski & E. Staub (Eds.), Social and moral values. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gilligan, C. (1977). In a different voice: Women's conceptions of self and of morality. Harvard Educational Review, 47, 481-517.

Greenwald, A. G., Rudman, L. A., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., Farnham, S. D., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review 109(1), 3-25.

Hart, D., & Damon, W. (1986). Developmental trends in self-understanding. Social Cognition, 4, 388-407.

Hart, D., Lucca-Irizarry, N., & Damon, W. (1986). The development of self-understanding in Puerto Rico and the United States. Journal of Early Adolescence, 6, 293-304.

Hart, D. (1988). Self-concept in the social context of the adolescent. In D. Lapsely & F. C. Power (Eds.), Self, ego, and identity: Integrative approaches (pp. 71-90). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Hart, D., & Edelstein, W. (1992). Self-understanding development in cross-cultural perspective. In T. M. Brinthaupt & R. P. Lipka (Eds.), The self: Definitional and methodological issues. SUNY series, studying the self. (pp. 291-322): State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, US.

Hart, D., & Fegley, S. (1995). Prosocial behavior and caring in adolescence: Relations to self-understanding and social judgment. Child Development, 66, 1346-1359.

Harter, S. (1983). Developmental perspectives on the self-system. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Socialization, personality, and social development (4 ed., Vol. 4). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Harter, S. (1997). The development of self-representations. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (5 ed., pp. 553-617). New York: Wiley.

Haste, H. (1993). Morality, self, and sociohistorical context: The role of lay social theory. In G. G. Noam, T. E. Wren, G. Nunner-Winkler & W. Edelstein (Eds.), The moral self. Studies in contemporary German social thought. (pp. 175-208). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Henderson, A. F., & Kegan, R. (1989). Learning, knowing, and the self: A constructive developmental view. In K. Field, B. J. Cohler & G. Wool (Eds.), Learning and education: Psychoanalytic perspectives. Emotions and behavior monographs, No. 6. (pp. 267-303). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.

Higgins, E. T., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. (1985). Self-concept discrepancy theory: A psychological model for distinguishing among different aspects of depression and anxiety. Special Issue: Depression. Social Cognition, 3(1), 51-76.

Higgins, A. (1995). Understanding the moral self: Research goals for the next five years. Moral Education Forum, 20, 30-33.

Johnson, J. A., & Hogan, R. (1981). Moral judgments and self-presentations. Journal of Research in Personality, 15(1), 57-63.

Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257-268.

Kegan, R. G. (1979). The evolving self: A process conception for ego psychology. Counseling Psychologist, 8(2), 5-34.

Labouvie-Vief, G., Hakim-Larson, J., DeVoe, M., & Schoeberlein, S. (1989). Emotions and self-regulation: A life span view.Human Development, 32, 279-299.

Labouvie-Vief, G., Chiodo, L. M., Goguen, L. A., & Diehl, M. (1995). Representations of self across the life span. Psychology & Aging, 10, 404-415.

Labouvie-Vief, G. (2005). Self-with-other representations and the organization of the self. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 185-205.

Leahy, R. L., & Eiter, M. (1980). Moral judgment and the development of real and ideal androgynous self-image during adolescence and young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 16, 362-370.

Lewis, M. (1979). The self as a developmental concept. Human Development, 22, 416-419.

Lewis, M. (1991). Self-conscious emotions and the development of self. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 39(Suppl), 45-73.

Lewis, M. D. (1997). Personality self-organization: Cascading constraints on cognition-emotion interaction Dynamics and indeterminism in developmental and social processes. (pp. 193-216). Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Loevinger, J., & Knoll, E. (1983). Personality: Stages, traits, and the self. Annual Review of Psychology, 34, 195-222.

Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1987). Leading workers to lead themselves: The external leadership of self-managing work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32, 106-128.

Markus, H., & Sentis, K. (1982). The self in social information processing. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self(Vol. 1, pp. 41-70). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1987). Possible selves: The interface between motivation and the self-concept. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives. (pp. 157-172). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.

Marsh, H. W., Byrne, B. M., & Shavelson, R. J. (1992). A multidimensional, hierarchical self-concept. In T. M. Brinthaupt & R. P. Lipka (Eds.), The self: Definitional and methodological issues. SUNY series, studying the self (pp. 44-95). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

McGregor, I., & Marigold, D. C. (2003). Defensive zeal and the uncertain self: What makes you so sure? Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 85(5), 838-852.

McGuire, W. J., & McGuire, C. V. (1982). Significant others in self-space: Sex differences and developmental trends in the social self. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (pp. 70-97). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, & society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist (Vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Miller, J. G. (1988). Bridging the content-structure dichotomy: Culture and the self. In B. Michael Harris (Ed.), The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology. Cross-cultural research (pp. 266-281). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Miller, J. G., & Bersoff, D. M. (1994). Cultural influences on the moral status of reciprocity and the discounting of endogenous motivation. Special Issue: The self and the collective. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 592-602.

Mischel, W., & Mischel, H. N. (1976). A cognitive social-learning approach to morality and self-regulation. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development: Theory, research and social issues (pp. 84-107). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Montemayor, R., & Eisen, M. (1977). The development of self-conceptions from childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 13, 314-319.

Noam, G., Kohlberg, L., & Snarey, J. (1983). Steps toward a model of the self. In B. Lee & G. Noam (Eds.), Developmental approaches to the self (pp. 59-141). New York: Plenum Press.

Noam, G. G. (1985). Stage, phase, and style: The developmental dynamics of the self. In M. Berkowitz & F. Oser (Eds.), Moral education: Theory and application (pp. 321-346). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Noam, G. G., Powers, S. I., Kilkenny, R., & Beedy, J. (1990). The interpersonal self in life-span developmental perspective: Theory, measurement, and longitudinal case analyses. In P. B. Baltes, D. L. Featherman & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior, Vol. 10. (pp. 59-104). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Nurius, P. S., & Markus, H. (1990). Situational variability in the self-concept: Appraisals, expectancies, and asymmetries. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 9(3), 316-333.

Ogilvie, D. M. (1987). The undesired self: A neglected variable in personality research. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52, 379-385.

Ozer, E. M., & Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms governing empowerment effects: A self-efficacy analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(3), 472-486.
Peevers, B. H. (1987). The self as observer of the self: A developmental analysis of the subjective self. In T. Honess & K. Yardley (Eds.), Self and identity: Perspectives across the lifespan. (pp. 147-158). Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul, Inc.

Pratt, M. W., Pancer, M., Hunsberger, B., & Manchester, J. (1990). Reasoning about the self and relationships in maturity: An integrative complexity analysis of individual differences. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 59(3), 575-581.

Rokeach, M., & Cochrane, R. (1972). Self-confrontation and confrontation with another as determinants of long-term value change. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 283-292.

Rokeach, M., & McLellan, D. D. (1972). Feedback of information about the values and attitudes of self and others as determinants of long-term cognitive and behavioral change. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 236-251.

Rosaldo, M. Z. (1984). Towards an anthropology of self and feeling. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self and emotion (pp. 137-157). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rosenberg, S. (1988). Self and others: Studies in social personality and autobiography. In B. Leonard (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 21: Social psychological studies of the self: Perspectives and programs. (pp. 57-95). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Ross, L., Lepper, M. R., & Hubbard, M. (1975). Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(5), 880-892.

Rychlak, J. F. (1991). Telosponsivity, dialectical reasoning, and the concept of self. In D. Ozer, J. M. Healy & A. J. Stewart (Eds.), Perspectives in personality (Vol. 3 (part A), pp. 3-18). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Ryff, C. D. (1982). Self-perceived personality change in adulthood and aging. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 42(1), 108-115.

Ryff, C. D., Lee, Y. H., Essex, M. J., & Schmutte, P. S. (1994). My children and me: Midlife evaluations of grown children and of self. Psychology & Aging, 9(2), 195-205.

Schmeck, R. R., Geisler-Brenstein, E., & Cercy, S. P. (1991). Self-concept and learning: The revised Inventory of Learning Processes. Educational Psychology, 11, 343-362.

Schorin, M. Z., & Hart, D. (1988). Psychotherapeutic implications of the development of self-understanding. In R. S. Stephen (Ed.), Cognitive development and child psychotherapy. Perspectives in developmental psychology. (pp. 161-186). New York: Plenum Press. 

Sears, D. O., & Funk, C. L. (1991). The role of self-interest in social and political attitudes Advances in experimental: Academic Press Inc.

Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4(4), 577-594.

Shane, E., & Shane, M. (1990). Object loss and selfobject loss: A consideration of self psychology's contribution to understanding mourning and the failure to mourn. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 18, 115-131.

Smith, M. B. (1994). Selfhood at risk: Postmodern perils and the perils of postmodernism. American Psychologist, 49(5), 405-411.

Souvaine, E., Lahey, L. L., & Kegan, R. (1990). Life after formal operations: Implications for a psychology of the self. In C. N. Alexander & E. J. Langer (Eds.), Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth (pp. 229-257). New York: Oxford University Press.

Stalder, D. R. (2007). Need for closure, the big five, and public self-consciousness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(1), 91-94.

Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Mental self-government: A theory of intellectual styles and their development. Human Development, 31, 197-221.

Tobin, S. Self psychology as a bridge between exisential-humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 30, 14-63.

Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.

Vallacher, R. R. (1978). Objective self awareness and the perception of others. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(1), 63-67.

Vallacher, R. R., & Solodky, M. (1979). Objective self-awareness, standards of evaluation, and moral behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15(3), 254-262.

Vallacher, R. R. (1980). An introduction to self-theory. In D. M. Wagner & R. R. Vallacher (Eds.), The self in social psychology.New York: Oxford University Press.

Vallacher, R. R., Wegner, D. M., & Frederick (1987). The presentation of self through action identification. Special Issue: Cognition and action. Social Cognition, 5(3), 301-322.

Vallacher, R. R., Wegner, D. M., McMahan, S. C., Cotter, & et al. (1992). On winning friends and influencing people: Action identification and self-presentation success. Social Cognition, 10(3), 335-355.

Wegner, D. M. (1980). The self in prosocial action. In D. M. Wegner & R. R. Vallacher (Eds.), The self in social psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wren, T. E. (1993). The open-textured concepts of morality and the self. In G. G. Noam, T. E. Wren, G. Nunner-Winkler & W. Edelstein (Eds.), The moral self. Studies in contemporary German social thought (pp. 78-95). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

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development | decision making | ethics | leadership | reflective judgment | self understanding | testing

Testing

Traditional vs. developmental assessment

Amir, R., Frankl, D. R., & Tamir, R. (1987). Justifications of answers to multiple choice items as a means for identifying misconceptions. In J. D. Novak (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Misconceptions and Educational Strategies in Science and Mathematics (Vol. Vol. I, pp. 15-26). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.